For 1990-2009 cars

The basic function of the fuel metering system is to control fuel delivery to the engine. The fuel is delivered to the engine by individual fuel injectors mounted in the intake manifold near each cylinder.

The HO2S 1 provides the PCM with exhaust stream oxygen content information. The PCM modifies the air/fuel mixture by changing the injector pulse width signal sent to the injectors. By constantly measuring the air intake and the exhaust oxygen content and adjusting the injector pulse width, the air fuel ratio is kept very close to the optimal 14.7:1. This is the range at which the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) operates most effectively and at which the emissions of this vehicle are kept to a minimum. The constant tailoring of the air/fuel ratio is based upon feedback from the HO2S 1 and is referred to as Closed Loop operation.

### Fuel Delivery System

The fuel in the fuel tank is pumped by the fuel pump, filtered by the fuel filter and fed under pressure to each injector through the fuel rail. The fuel pressure applied to the fuel injector (the fuel pressure in the fuel feed pipe) is always kept higher than the pressure in the intake manifold by the fuel pressure regulator, located in the fuel tank. The fuel is injected into the intake port of the cylinder head when the injector opens according to the injection pulse signal from the Powertrain Control Module (PCM).

### Fuel Injection Operation

The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) controls the amount of fuel the fuel injector supplies to each cylinder by controlling the ON time (length of pulse) of each individual injector. The delivery timing of the fuel into the cylinder head intake port by the fuel injector is controlled by the PCM. The timing and pulse of the fuel injectors is carefully calculated with inputs from the various sensors, so that a suitable air/fuel mixture is supplied to the engine for every driving condition.

There are two types of injection timing. One is Synchronous Injection, in which the injection is synchronous with the ignition signal (or the signal from the Camshaft Position [CMP] sensor). The other is Asynchronous Injection, in which injection takes place independently of the ignition signal (or the signal from the Camshaft Position [CMP] sensor).

The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) first calculates the correct timing of the fuel injectors by factoring the engine speed and the air volume together. Then the PCM applies certain compensations that are based on the information provided by various sensors which detect the state of the engine and the current driving conditions.

### Synchronous Injection

When starting the engine, the fuel injectors inject the fuel simultaneously and synchronously at every Camshaft Position (CMP) sensor signal. When the engine is starting at a cold state, the amount of fuel is determined by the Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sensor and is divided and injected.

Once the engine is running, the fuel injection occurs in a cylinder only when it is in the exhaust stroke. The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) detects the compression stroke of the No. 1 cylinder through the CMP sensor signal.

### Asynchronous Injection

Whenever a change in the throttle valve opening exceeds a specified value (as determined by the PCM), additional fuel is injected simultaneously into the cylinders which are in the intake and exhaust strokes. This is in addition to the above synchronous injection and is not based on the ignition signal.

### Engine Starting Enrichment

In order to improve starting performance, fuel enrichment during start up is carried out. For a certain time after the engine is started, the air/fuel mixture is enriched slightly in order to stabilize the engine speed. The amount of compensation varies depending on the engine coolant temperature as measured by the engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor.

### Engine Warm-Up Enrichment

When the engine is cold, additional fuel is added in order to ensure good driveability. The level of enrichment of the air/fuel mixture is gradually decreased until the Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sensor reaches a specified value.

### Acceleration Enrichment

During acceleration, the pulse of the fuel injectors is lengthened in order to deliver more fuel. The additional fuel required is relative to the engine coolant temperature. Acceleration Enrichment ensures smooth and reliable engine acceleration.

### Power Enrichment

In order to provide maximum power during high engine load driving conditions, the air/fuel mixture is enriched when the throttle valve opening is greater than a specified (PCM determined) value.

### System Voltage Compensation

A power supply system voltage drop will delay the mechanical operation of the fuel injector. The actual injector ON time becomes shorter when the system voltage decreases. In order to compensate for this, the fuel injector pulse width signal is lengthened.

### Base Air/Fuel Ratio Compensation

The base air/fuel ratio may vary due to differences in individual engines and mileage. In order to compensate for such variations, feedback information is used to adjust the base air/fuel mixture to maintain the optimum air/fuel ratio.

### Fuel Cutoff

Fuel injection stops when decelerating (i.e., when the throttle valve is at idle position and the engine speed is high), so that unburned gas will not be exhausted. Fuel injection starts again when the above conditions are no longer present.

Fuel delivery also stops when the engine speed exceeds 6,800 RPM. This will prevent engine overrun which adversely affects the engine. Fuel delivery starts again when the engine speed decreases to less than 6,500 RPM.

### Air/Fuel Ratio Feedback Compensation (Closed Loop Operation)

In order to obtain efficient performance of the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) and a high clarification rate of CO, HC and NOx in the exhaust gas stream, the air/fuel mixture must be kept as close to the theoretical air/fuel ratio (14.7:1) as possible. In order to accomplish this the powertrain control module (PCM) first compares the input voltage from the heated oxygen sensor 1 (HO2S 1) with a specified reference voltage. If the HO2S 1 input voltage is higher than the specified reference voltage, the PCM determines that the air/fuel ratio is richer than the theoretical air/fuel ratio and reduces the fuel (lean command). If the input voltage from the HO2S 1 is lower than the specified reference voltage, the PCM determines that the air/fuel ratio is leaner and increases the fuel (rich command). By repeating these operations, the PCM can adjust the air/fuel ratio in order to be closer to the theoretical air/fuel ratio. Control of the fuel delivery system as just described is known as Closed Loop operation.

#### Closed Loop Fuel Control Operation

Air Fuel Mixture | Exhaust O2 Content | HO2S 1 Output | Fuel System Response
--- | --- | --- | ---
Lean Mixture | High Oxygen | Low Voltage | Rich Command
Rich Mixture | Low Oxygen | High Voltage | Lean Command

The Closed Loop fuel control operation will not take place under any of the following conditions:

• | At engine start up

• | When the fuel injection is increased just after engine start up.

• | When the engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor is indicating a low coolant temperature.

• | When the engine is operating under a high demand, such as wide open throttle (WOT).

• | At fuel cutoff

• | When the HO2S 1 is cold (Open Loop operation).