For 1990-2009 cars

### Class 2 Serial Data

U.S. Federal regulations require that all automobile manufacturers establish a common communications system. This vehicle utilizes the class 2 communications system. Each bit of information can have one of two lengths: long or short. This allows the vehicle wiring to be reduced by the transmission and reception of the multiple signals over a single wire. The messages which are carried on class 2 data streams are also prioritized. In other words, if two messages attempt to establish communications on the data line at the same time, only the message with the higher priority will continue. The device with the lower priority message must wait. The most significant result of this regulation is that the regulation provides the scan tool manufacturers with the capability of accessing the data from any make or model vehicle sold in the United States.

### The Diagnostic Executive

The diagnostic executive is a unique segment of the software which is designed to coordinate and prioritize the diagnostic procedures as well as define the protocol for recording and displaying their results. The main responsibilities of the diagnostic executive are:

• | Monitoring the diagnostic test enabling conditions.

• | Requesting the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL).

• | Illuminating the MIL.

• | Recording the Pending, Current, and History DTCs.

• | Storing and erasing the Freeze Frame data.

• | Monitoring and recording the test status information.

### On-Board Diagnostic Tests

A diagnostic test is a series of steps which has a beginning and an end, the result of which is a pass or fail reported to the diagnostic executive. When a diagnostic test reports a pass result, the diagnostic executive records the following data:

• | The diagnostic test has completed since the last ignition cycle.

• | The diagnostic test has passed during the current ignition cycle.

• | The fault identified by the diagnostic test is not currently active.

When a diagnostic test reports a fail result, the diagnostic executive records the following data:

• | The diagnostic test has completed since the last ignition.

• | The fault identified by the diagnostic test is currently active.

• | The fault has been active during this ignition cycle.

• | The operating conditions at the time of the failure.

### Trip

The ability for a diagnostic test to run depends largely upon whether or not a trip has been completed. A trip for a particular diagnostic is defined as a key on and key off cycle in which all the enabling criteria for a given diagnostics as been met allowing the diagnostic to run vehicle operation, followed by an engine off period of duration and driving mode such that any particular diagnostic test has had sufficient time to complete at least once. The requirements for trips vary as they may involve items of an unrelated nature such as the driving style, the length of the trip, the ambient temperature, etc. Some diagnostic tests run only once per trip (e.g. catalyst monitor) while others run continuously (e.g. misfire and fuel system monitors). If the proper enabling conditions are not met during that ignition cycle, the tests may not be complete or the test may not have run.

### Warm-Up Cycle

A warm-up cycle consists of an engine start-up and vehicle operation such that the engine coolant temperature has risen more than 4°C (8-10°F) from the start-up temperature and reached a minimum engine coolant temperature of 71°C (160°F). If this condition is not met during the ignition cycle, the diagnostic may not run.

### Diagnostic Information

The diagnostic tables and the functional checks are designed in order to locate a faulty circuit or a malfunctioning component through a process of logical decisions. The tables are prepared with the assumption that the vehicle functioned correctly at the time of assembly and that there are not multiple faults present.

There is a continuous self-diagnosis on certain control functions. This diagnostic capability is complemented by the diagnostic procedures which are contained in this manual. The language of communicating the source of the malfunction is a system of diagnostic trouble codes. When a malfunction is detected by the control module, a diagnostic trouble code will set and the MIL will illuminate on some applications.

### Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL)

The malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) is on the instrument panel. The MIL has the following functions:

• | The MIL informs the driver that a fault has occured that affects the vehicle emission levels. The owner should take the vehicle in for service as soon as possible.

• | As a bulb and system test, the MIL comes on with the key-on and the engine not running. When the engine is started, the MIL turns off if no DTCs are set.

When the MIL remains on while the engine is running, or when a malfunction is suspected due to a driveability or emissions problem, perform a Powertrain On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) System Check. These tests expose faults which the technician may not detect if other diagnostics are performed first.

### MIL Requests and History Codes

The diagnostic executive must acknowledge when all the emissions related diagnostic tests have reported a pass or fail condition since the last ignition cycle. Each diagnostic test is separated into 4 types:

• | Type A--Is emissions related, and turns on the MIL the first time the diagnostic executive reports a fault.

• | Type B--Is emissions related, and turns on the MIL if the fault is active for 2 consecutive driving cycles.

• | Type C--Is non-emissions related, and does not turn on the MIL, but will turn on the service light.

• | Type X-- Is non -emission related and does not turn on the MIL or the service light.

When a type A diagnostic test reports a failure, the diagnostic executive immediately requests to have the MIL turn on for that diagnostic test. When a type B diagnostic test reports a failure during 2 consecutive trips, the diagnostic executive turns on the MIL for that diagnostic test. The diagnostic executive has the option of turning the MIL off when the diagnostic test which caused the MIL to illuminate passes for 3 consecutive trips. In the case of misfire or fuel trim malfunctions, there are additional requirements as follows:

• | The load conditions must be within 10 percent of the vehicle load present when the diagnostic executive reported the failure.

• | The engine speed conditions must be within 375 RPM of the engine speed present when the diagnostic executive reported the failure.

• | The engine coolant temperature must have been in the same range present when the diagnostic executive reported the failure.

When the diagnostic executive requests the service light to be turned on, or a type C diagnostic fault is reported, a history DTC is also recorded for the diagnostic test. The provision for clearing a history DTC for any diagnostic tests requires 40 subsequent warm-up cycles during which no diagnostic tests have reported a fail, a battery disconnect, or a scan tool clear info command.

### Special Cases Of Type A Diagnostic Tests

Unique to the misfire diagnostic, the diagnostic executive has the capability of alerting the driver of potentially damaging levels of misfire. If a misfire condition exists that could potentially damage the catalytic converter, the diagnostic executive will command the MIL to flash at a rate of once per second during the times that the catalyst damaging misfire condition is present.

### Special Cases Of Type B Diagnostic Tests

Misfire and fuel trim malfunctions are special cases of type B diagnostics. Each time a fuel trim malfunction is detected, the engine load, the engine speed, and the engine coolant temperatures are recorded.

When the ignition is turned OFF, the last reported set of conditions remain stored. During subsequent ignition cycles, the stored conditions are used as a reference for similar conditions. If a fuel trim malfunction occurs during 2 consecutive trips, the diagnostic executive treats the failure as a normal type B diagnostic. The diagnostic executive does not use the stored conditions. However, if a fuel trim malfunction occurs on 2 non-consecutive trips, the stored conditions are compared with the current conditions. The MIL will then illuminate under the following conditions:

• | When the engine load conditions are within 10 percent of the previous test that failed.

• | The engine speed is within 375 RPM of the previous test that failed.

• | The engine coolant temperature is in the same range as the previous test that failed.

### Storing And Erasing Freeze Frame Data

Government regulations require that the engine operating conditions are to be captured whenever the MIL is illuminated. The data that is captured is called Freeze Frame data. The Freeze Frame data is very similar to a single record of operating conditions. Whenever the MIL is illuminated, the corresponding record of operating conditions is recorded to the Freeze Frame buffer.

Each time a diagnostic test reports a failure, the current engine operating conditions are recorded in the failure records buffer. A subsequent failure will update the recorded operating conditions. The following operating conditions for the diagnostic test which failed typically include the following parameters:

• | The air-to-fuel ratio

• | The air flow rate

• | The fuel trim

• | The engine speed

• | The engine load

• | The engine coolant temperature

• | The vehicle speed

• | The throttle position angle

• | The manifold absolute pressure (MAP)

• | The injector base pulse width

• | The loop status

The Freeze Frame data can only be overwritten with the data associated with a misfire or a fuel trim malfunction. The data from these faults take precedence over data that is associated with any other fault. The Freeze Frame data will not be erased unless the associated history DTC is cleared.

### Intermittent Malfunction Indicator Lamp

In the case of an intermittent fault, the MIL may illuminate and then turn off after 3 trips. However, the corresponding diagnostic trouble code will store in the memory. When unexpected diagnostic trouble codes appear, check for an intermittent malfunction.

### Data Link Connector (DLC)

The provision for communicating with the control module is a data link connector (DLC). The DLC is usually located under the instrument panel. The DLC is used in order to connect to a scan tool. Some common uses of the scan tool are listed below:

• | Identifying any stored diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs)

• | Clearing the DTCs

• | Performing the output control tests

• | Reading the serial data

### Control Module Learning Ability

The control module has a learning ability which allows the control module to make corrections for minor variations in the fuel system in order to improve driveability. Whenever the battery cable is disconnected, the learning process resets.

The driver may note a change in vehicle performance. In order to allow the PCM to re-learn to drive the vehicle at part throttle with moderate acceleration. The vehicle may also operate at idle conditions until the normal performance returns.

### Reprogramming (Flashing) The Control Module

Some vehicles allow the reprogramming of the control module without removal from the vehicle. This provides a flexible and a cost-effective method of making changes in software and calibrations.

Refer to the latest Techline information on reprogramming or flashing procedures.

### Verifying Vehicle Repair

Verification of the vehicle repair will be more comprehensive for vehicles with OBD II system diagnostics. Following a repair, the technician should perform the following steps:

1. Review the Failure Records and the Freeze Fame data for the DTC which was diagnosed. Record the Failure Records or the Freeze Fame data. The Freeze Frame data will only store for an A or B type diagnostic and only if the MIL has illuminated.
2. Clear the DTCs.
3. Operate the vehicle within the conditions noted in the Failure Records or the Freeze Frame data.
4. Monitor the DTC status information for the specific DTC which has been diagnosed until the diagnostic test associated with that DTC runs.

Following these steps are very important in verifying repairs on the OBD II systems. Failure to follow these steps could result in an unnecessary repair.

### Reading Diagnostic Trouble Codes

Use a diagnostic scan tool in order to read the diagnostic trouble codes. Failure to follow this step could result in unnecessary repairs.

### Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes

In order to clear diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), use the diagnostic scan tool clear DTCs or clear info function. When clearing DTCs follow the instructions supplied by the tool manufacturer. When a scan tool is not available, disconnecting one of the following sources for at least 30 seconds can also clear the DTCs:

Notice: Turn off the ignition key when disconnecting or reconnecting battery power in order to prevent system damage.

• | The power source to the control module.

• | The negative battery cable

Disconnecting the negative battery cable may result in the loss of other on-board memory data, such as preset radio tuning.

### DTC Modes

The OBD II vehicles have 3 options available in the scan tool DTC mode in order to display the enhanced information available. A description of the new modes, the DTC Info, and the Specific DTC follows. After selecting the DTC, the following menu appears:

• | The DTC Info

• | The Specific DTC

• | The Freeze Frame

• | The Failure Records

• | The Clear Info

The following is a brief description of each of the sub menus in the DTC Info and the Specific DTC. The order in which they appear here is alphabetical and not necessarily the way they will appear on the scan tool.

### DTC Info Mode

Use the DTC Info mode in order to search for a specific type of stored DTC information. There are seven choices. The electronic service information may instruct the technician to test for DTCs in a certain manner. Always follow the published service procedures.

In order to get a complete description of any status, press the Enter key before pressing the desired F key. For example, pressing enter, then an F key will display a definition of the abbreviated scan tool status.

### DTC Status

This selection displays any DTCs that have not run during the current ignition cycle or have reported a test failure during this ignition up to a maximum of 33 DTCs. The DTC tests which run and pass removes that DTC number from the scan tool screen.

### Specific DTC Mode

This mode is used in order to check the status of the individual diagnostic tests by the DTC number. This selection can be accessed if a DTC has passed or failed. Many OBD II DTC mode descriptions are possible because of the extensive amount of information that the diagnostic executive monitors regarding each test. Some of the many possible descriptions follow with a brief explanation.

This selection only allows the entry of the DTC numbers that are supported by the vehicle that is being tested. If an attempt is made to enter the DTC numbers for tests which the diagnostic executive does not recognize, the requested information will not be displayed correctly and the scan tool may display an error message. The same applies to using the DTC trigger option in the snapshot mode. If an invalid DTC is entered, the scan tool will not trigger.

### Failed Since Clear

This message displayed indicates that the diagnostic test failed at least once within the last 40 warm-up cycles since the last time the control module cleared the DTCs.

### Failed This Ign. (Failed This Ignition)

This message displayed indicates that the diagnostic test has failed at least once during the current ignition cycle. This message will clear when the DTCs are cleared or the ignition is cycled.

### History DTC

This message displayed indicates that the DTC has stored to memory as a valid fault. A DTC displayed as a History fault does not necessarily mean that the fault is no longer present. The history description means that all of the conditions necessary for reporting a fault have met.

### MIL Requested

This message displayed indicates that the DTC is currently causing the MIL to turn on. Remember that only type A and B DTCs can request the MIL. The MIL request cannot determine if the DTC fault conditions are currently being experienced. This is because the diagnostic executive requires up to 3 trips during which the diagnostic test passes to turn off the MIL.

### Not Run Since Cl (Not Run Since Cleared)

This message displayed indicates that the selected diagnostic test has not run since the last time the DTCs were cleared. Therefore, the diagnostic test status, passing or failing, is unknown. After the DTCs are cleared, this message continues to be displayed until the diagnostic test runs.

### Not Run This Ign. (Not Run This Ignition)

This message displayed indicates that the selected diagnostic test has not run this ignition cycle.

### Test Ran and Passed

This message displayed indicates that the selected diagnostic test has the following items:

• | Passed the last test

• | Ran and passed during this ignition cycle

• | Ran and passed since the DTCs were last cleared

• | This test has not failed since the DTCs were last cleared.

Whenever the indicated status of the vehicle is Test Ran and Passed after a repair verification, the vehicle is ready to be released to the customer.

If the indicated status of the vehicle is Failed This Ign after a repair verification, then the repair is incomplete. A further diagnosis is required.

Prior to repairing a vehicle, use the status information in order to evaluate the state of the diagnostic test and to help identify an intermittent problem. The technician can conclude that although the MIL is illuminated, the fault condition that caused the code to set is not present. An intermittent condition must be the cause.