For 1990-2009 cars

The air temperature controls are divided into four areas

• | HVAC Control Components

• | Heating and A/C Operation

• | Engine Coolant

• | A/C Cycle

### HVAC CONTROL COMPONENTS

#### HVAC Control Module

The HVAC control module is a non-Class 2 device that interfaces between the operator and the HVAC system to maintain air temperature and distribution settings. The battery positive and ignition 3 voltage circuits provide power to the control assembly. The temperature door is controlled by cables. The control module supports the following features:

Feature | Availability
--- | ---
Afterblow | No
Purge | No
Personalization | No
Actuator Calibration | No

#### Air Temperature Control

The temperature control regulates the HVAC system air temperature in any mode. A temperature control cable mechanically links the temperature control to the temperature door.

#### A/C Refrigerant Pressure Sensor

The A/C refrigerant pressure sensor is a 3 wire piezoelectric pressure transducer. A 5-volt reference, low reference, and signal circuits enable the sensor to operate. The A/C pressure signal can be between 0-5 volts. When the A/C refrigerant pressure is low, the signal value is near 0 volts. When the A/C refrigerant pressure is high, the signal value is near 5 volts.

The A/C refrigerant pressure sensor protects the A/C system from operating when an excessively high or low pressure condition exists. The powertrain control module (PCM) or engine control module (ECM) disables the compressor clutch under the following conditions:

A/C high side pressure is more than 2 997 kPa (435 psi). The compressor clutch will be enabled after the high side pressure decreases to less than 1 998 kPa (290 psi). A/C low side pressure is less than 180 kPa (26 psi). The clutch will be enabled after the low side pressure increases to more than 248 kPa (36 psi).

#### Evaporator Low Ambient Protection (ELAP)

Evaporator low ambient protection (ELAP) is a body control module (BCM) controlled cycling of the compressor clutch to prevent freezing of the evaporator core. ELAP is only enabled at ambient temperatures between 0-20°C (32-68°F).

#### Heating and A/C Operation

The purpose of the heating and A/C system is to provide heated and cooled air to the interior of the vehicle. The A/C system will also remove humidity from the interior and reduce windshield fogging. The vehicle operator can determine the passenger compartment temperature by adjusting the air temperature control. Regardless of the temperature setting, the following can effect the rate that the HVAC system can achieve the desired temperature:

• | Recirculation

• | Difference between inside and desired temperature

• | Difference between ambient and desired temperature

• | Blower motor speed setting

• | Mode setting

The vehicle operator can activate the A/C system by pressing the A/C switch. The A/C system can operate regardless of the temperature setting.

The PCM/ECM will operate the A/C system automatically in DEFROST and BLEND mode to help reduce moisture inside the vehicle. The A/C LED will not illuminate unless the driver presses the A/C request switch on the HVAC control module. The A/C system maybe running without the A/C LED indicator illuminated when in DEFROST and BLEND mode. The following conditions must be met in order for the PCM/ECM to turn on the compressor clutch:

• | BCM

- | Battery voltage between 9-18 volts

- | A/C request from the HVAC control module

• | PCM/ECM

- | Engine coolant temperature (ECT) is less than 114-118°C (237-244°F)

- | Engine speed is less than 5,000 RPM

- | A/C Pressure is between 248-2 997 kPa (36-435 psi)

Once engaged, the compressor clutch will be disengaged for the following conditions:

• | Throttle position is 100 percent.

• | A/C Pressure is more than 2 997 kPa (435 psi).

• | A/C Pressure is less than 248 kPa (36 psi).

• | Engine coolant temperature (ECT) is more than 120°C (248°F).

• | Engine speed is more than 5,000 RPM.

• | Transmission shift

• | PCM/ECM detects excessive torque load.

• | PCM/ECM detects insufficient idle quality.

• | PCM/ECM detects a hard launch condition.

When the compressor clutch disengages, the compressor clutch diode protects the electrical system from a voltage spike.

To protect the system from high pressure, a pressure relief valve is located in the head of the compressor. This valve will open at 3 620 kPa +345/-245 kPa (525 psi) +50 psi-35 psi and reseat at 2 930 kPa (425 psi). If this valve ever opens the A/C system must be serviced and the valve must be replaced.

#### Engine Coolant

Engine coolant is the key element of the heating system. The thermostat controls engine operating coolant temperature. The thermostat also creates a restriction for the cooling system that promotes a positive coolant flow and helps prevent cavitation. Coolant enters the heater core through the inlet heater hose, in a pressurized state.

The heater core is located inside the HVAC module. The heat of the coolant flowing through the heater core is absorbed by the ambient air drawn through the HVAC module. Heated air is distributed to the passenger compartment, through the HVAC module, for passenger comfort.

The amount of heat delivered to the passenger compartment is controlled by opening or closing the HVAC module air temperature door. The coolant exits the heater core through the return heater hose and recirculated back through the engine cooling system.

### A/C Cycle

Refrigerant is the key element in an air conditioning system. R-134a is presently the only EPA approved refrigerant for automotive use. R-134a is a very low temperature gas that can transfer the undesirable heat and moisture from the passenger compartment to the outside air.

The compressor is a variable displacement rotary vane type pump. The A/C compressor is belt driven and operates when the magnetic clutch is engaged. The compressor uses a control valve to automatically vary its displacement as system heat loads change. Compressing the refrigerant also adds heat to the refrigerant. The refrigerant is discharged from the compressor, through the discharge hose, and forced to flow to the condenser and then through the balance of the A/C system. The A/C system is mechanically protected with the use of a high pressure relief valve. If the high pressure sensor were to fail or if the refrigerant system becomes restricted and refrigerant pressure continued to rise, the high pressure relief will pop open and release refrigerant from the system.

Compressed refrigerant enters the condenser in a high temperature, high pressure vapor state. As the refrigerant flows through the condenser, the heat of the refrigerant is transferred to the ambient air passing through the condenser. Cooling the refrigerant causes the refrigerant to condense and change from a vapor to a liquid state.

The condenser is located in front of the radiator for maximum heat transfer. The condenser is made of aluminum tubing and aluminum cooling fins, which allows rapid heat transfer for the refrigerant. The semi-cooled liquid refrigerant exits the condenser and flows through the liquid line, to the orifice tube.

The thermal expansion valve (TXV) is located at the evaporator inlet. The TXV is the dividing point for the high and the low pressure sides of the A/C system. As the refrigerant passes through the TXV, the pressure on the refrigerant is lowered. Due to the pressure differential on the liquid refrigerant, the refrigerant will begin to boil at the orifice tube. The TXV also meters the amount of liquid refrigerant that can flow into the evaporator.

Refrigerant exiting the TXV flows into the evaporator core in a low pressure, liquid state. Ambient air is drawn through the HVAC module and passes through the evaporator core. Warm and moist air will cause the liquid refrigerant to boil inside of the evaporator core. The boiling refrigerant absorbs heat from the ambient air and draws moisture onto the evaporator. The refrigerant exits the evaporator through the suction line and back to the compressor, in a vapor state, and completing the A/C cycle of heat removal. At the compressor, the refrigerant is compressed again and the cycle of heat removal is repeated.

The conditioned air is distributed through the HVAC module for passenger comfort. The heat and moisture removed from the passenger compartment will also change form, or condense, and is discharged from the HVAC module as water.